Pdf thermodynamic properties of nickel laterite

About 70 % of world landbased nickel resources are contained in lateritic ores, however, they only account for about 40 % of global nickel production. Physical properties of rocks are used to identify the type of rocks and to discover more about them. Development of niocaomgosio2 thermodynamic database using. The iron content in the indian ore varies between 20 and 50% whereas the nickel content varies between 0. Nickel processing, preparation of the metal for use in various products. There are various physical properties of laterite like hardness, grain size, fracture, streak, porosity, luster, strength etc which defines it. It is one of only four elements that are magnetic at or near room temperature, the others being iron, cobalt and gadolinium.

The effect of slurry flow properties upon nickel laterite processing is perhaps the. Independent report on the nickel laterite resource agata north, philippines 20 1 executive summary this ni laterite resource report was prepared at the request of yulo perez, manager of tvi resource development phils inc. Sep 06, 2017 production of nickel from lateritic and sulfide ores. Kinetics of high pressure leaching of nickel lateritic ore. This drastic reduction in mass due to leaching leads to significant material degradation and.

A state of theart thermodynamic database has been developed for multicomponent oxide systems. The worlds nickel resources are currently estimated at almost 300 million tons. Based on the process of coalbased selfreduction and melting separation at high temperature, it was investigated that the effect of process factors on the reduction of iron and nickel oxide, the metal yield and the nickel content in ferronickel about the laterite nickel ore, was from philippines and contented low nickel, high iron and aluminum. However, the nickel containing phases cannot be found due to the low concentration as listed in table 1.

Nickel nickel is silvery white hard, malleable, and ductile metal it is of the iron group and it takes on a high polish it is a fairly good conductor of heat and electricity in its familiar compounds nickel is bivalent, although it assumes other valences. Standard thermodynamic properties of chemical substances this table gives the standard state chemical thermodynamic properties of about 2400 individual substances in the crystalline, l iquid, and gaseous states. Thermodynamic properties and phase stability of the babi system. Pdf nickel laterite part 2 thermodynamic analysis of phase. Geotechnical investigation is one of the effective means of detecting and solving pre, syn and post constructional problems. The occurrence of a variety of garnierite minerals with variable ni content. Despite the fact that nickel mining has significantly increased over. These properties include heat capacity, enthalpy, enthalpy of transition and melting, vapor pressure, and enthalpy of vaporization. Mineralogical characterization and design of a treatment. Simplified flowsheet of the current commercial production methods for the extraction of nickel from nickeliferous limonitic laterite ores, adapted from previous work by dalvi et al. Assessment of the geotechnical properties of lateritic. Effects of co2h2 ratio and temperature on selective reduction of laterite ore were investigated. The calculation result shows that the metallization of fe and ni could be promoted by each other because of the variation of the fe and ni activity, which accounts. Phases transformation of nickel lateritic ore during.

The low nickel laterite ores, which nickel grade less than 1. Global nickel resources averaging a minimum nickel grade of about 1% contain about million tons of nickel, and the distribution between the nickel sulphides and nickel laterites is estimated to be approximately 40% and 60%, re. Pdf knowledge of slag properties is required for the optimisation of smelting operations. Use of oxidation roasting to control nio reduction. Lateritic nickel ore deposits leaching of magnesium and silica have developed a process for blending nickel limonite ore with conventional iron ore. Knowledge of the mineralogy, morphology and thermodynamic behavior of the nickel bearing minerals especially for hydrous magnesium nickel silicate at elevated temperature is important for. The lead adsorption from aqueous solution was studied in batch experiments using two typical indian origin nickel lateritic ores having high 46. Laterite is an important resource for the production of nickel. Values labelled with an asterisk are committee on data for science and technology agreed values for the thermodynamic properties of key chemical substances reference 2. In comparison to sulphide ores, where the nickel containing mineral can be readily concentrated by. Factors affecting the upgrading of a nickeliferous limonitic. Physicochemical and mechanical properties of nickel.

The effect of iron content on the reduction of nickel laterite by direct. Laterite nickel ore resources is the sulfide nickel ore, rock goes through weathering leaching deposition to form surface weathering crust deposit. A thermodynamic model has been developed and applied to the analysis of the carbothermic reduction roasting of a typical nickeliferous limonitic laterite ore. Understanding ferronickel smelting from laterites through. In the present study, a combination of thermodynamic modelling and experimental studies is used to characterise niocontaining multicomponent oxide systems at high temperature of interest to nickel pyrometallurgical processes. Processing nickel laterite ore without pyrometallurgy, nickel pig iron npi is usually made with lower grade limonite ores while ferronickel typically 8 to 12% ni is made with higher grade nickel laterite ores, often saprolites lower iron content or in the case of limonites by lowering the iron recovery. The recommended values for heat capacity cover the temperature range from 1 to 3200 k. In this study, general knowledge of laterites and nickel production were introduced. Factors affecting the upgrading of a nickeliferous. Laterite soil engineering is one of a few books about solving engineering problems with the help of engineering pedology.

There are two main types of nickel laterite deposit. This book presents the latest information on the laterite soils geotechnical characteristics and engineering behavior. Research on selective reduction of laterite nickel ore by. Rotary kiln electric furnace rkef process is the most commonly used pyrometallurgical technique for processing nickel laterite ores and is mainly suited for saprolite deposits. Nickel laterite ores are used in industrial production of. Electrochemical behaviour of ni3s2 and its spontaneous formation on metallic iron in ammoniacalcarbonate solutions. Compositions, structures and properties of nickel containing. Kinetics and thermodynamics of lead ii adsorption on. Laterite ores especially the saprolitic laterite ore are one refractory nickel resource, the nickel and iron of which can be effectively recovered by direct reduction and magnetic separation.

A short training for spa geologists february 2005 by boy adhitya presented by. The effects of temperature and carbon to ore ratio on the recovery of the nickel and the grade of the resulting ferronickel alloy have been determined. Upgrading low nickel content of lateritegraphite pellets via. From their thermodynamic calculations, they suggested that formation of nickel occurs at about 790 c 1063 k for carbon additions in the range of 2. The effect of sulfur in rotary kiln fuels on nickel laterite calcination. Using the compositions oftwo oflaterite samples received from inca ltd, a thermodynamic study was carried out using fact facility for the analysis of chemical thermodynamics, a thermodynamic software. It is the sixth mineral resource estimate completed over.

Introduction metallic nickel is primarily obtained from two ore types. They account for 73% of the continental world nickel resources and will be in the future the dominant source for the mining of nickel. So that the reduction properties of laterite types can be known. Enriching metallic nickel from laterite nickel ore using the process of separating thermal carbon. Feasibility of coreduction roasting of a saprolitic. Thermodynamics of the reduction roasting of nickeliferous. Pdf thermodynamic and phase transformation analyses of nickel laterite ores processed in industry have been. The reduction of nickel from lowgrade nickel laterite ore.

In 2009, the worlds top nickel producers were russia, indonesia, canada, australia, and new caledonia. In general, nickel in the iron laterite occurs usually as nickel oxide adsorbed on the surface of iron oxide with considerable amount of free a nd crystalline water, such as hematite and. Electrosorption properties of nickel on laterite gangue 215 carlson e. The colombian nickeliferous laterites are minerals used for the nickel extraction by hydrometallurgical and pyrometallurgical processes.

Evaluation of thermodynamic equilibrium in system mesh20 is considered by eh ph diagrams in software factsage. Global nickel resources averaging a minimum nickel grade of about 1% contain about million tons of nickel, and the distribution between the. Mineralization of nickel in saprolitic ore of new caledonia. Geotechnical properties of nickel laterite heap leached. Introduction of laterite nickel ore calcination process. The physicochemical properties of nickel laterite ore powder were investigated by xrd, sem and tgdsc characterization techniques. The processing of lateritic nickel ore is quite difficult, since the nickelbearing minerals are finely disseminated in the ore bodies.

Over the last 60 years magmatic sulfide nickel deposits produced 60% of the worlds nickel. Nickel nickel is silvery white hard, malleable, and ductile metal it is of the iron group and it takes on a high polish it is a fairly good conductor of heat and electricity in its familiar compounds nickel is bivalent, although it. The smelting of nickel laterite ores to ferronickel alloy is unique in extractive. As the exhaustion of nickel sulfide ore in china, developing the resource of laterite nickel ore with low nickel. As the exhaustion of nickel sulfide ore in china, developing the resource of laterite nickel ore with low nickel grade. Garnierites kerolitepimelite nilaterite sepiolitefalcondoite. Modelling of nickel laterite smelting to ferronickel douglas r swinbourne school of civil, environmental and chemical engineering, rmit university, 124 latrobe street, melbourne 3000, australia. A variety of approaches are available to process nickel laterite ores, with the most prevalent approaches explained below. The result of xrd showed that the main phases of nickel laterite ore powder were lizardite and quartz. Nickel processes download as saprolite generally contains portion of reject low grade bed rock and silica. Nickel is a silverywhite metal with a slight golden tinge that takes a high polish.

The nickel laterite ores are mainly found in australia, the philippines, and indonesia. Lateritic nickel ore deposits are surficial, weathered rinds formed on ultramafic rocks. Saprolitic nickel laterite ore using lowrank coals and. Economic concentrations of nickel occur in sulphide and in laterite type ore deposits.

Oxley brazilian nickel ltd, uk, alyssum ventures ltd, isle of man and natural history museum, uk, m. However, in contrast to highgrade nickel sulphide ore, lowgrade nickel laterite ore cannot be as easily upgraded by current technologies due to its complicated mineral structure and nickel. This study presents the results obtained from a thermodynamic and kinetics study of nickel lateritic ore leaching in sulphuric acid solutions at high pressure conditions. A combined computational and experimental study journal of alloys and compounds, 771, pp. The electrosorption properties of nickel on laterite. Feb 01, 2015 read use of oxidation roasting to control nio reduction in nibearing limonitic laterite, minerals engineering on deepdyve, the largest online rental service for scholarly research with thousands of academic publications available at your fingertips. Laterite ores were the major source of early nickel 1 rich laterite deposits in new caledonia were mined starting the end of the 19th century to produce white metal 1 the discovery of sulfide deposits of sudbury, ontario, canada, during the early part of the 20th century shifted the focus to sulfides for nickel. Research on selective reduction of laterite nickel ore by co2. The electrosorption properties of nickel on laterite gangue.

From an aqueoussolution equilibrium thermodynamic point of view, the present study examines the conditions that favor the precipitation of a particular garnierite phase and the mechanism of nienrichment, and gives an explanation to the temporal and spatial succession of different garnierite minerals in ni laterite deposits. Representatives of nickel mining, smeltingrefining, con. Pdf thermodynamic analysis of the reduction process of. Nickel is produced primarily from laterite and magmatic sulfide deposits. Refining unit process stage nickel institute the refining process begins with nickel matte or crude nickel products delivery to the refining stage and ends at the nickel matte from oxidic ore or reduction sulfide precipitation and nickel handling as shown in figure 33a and b below more. Secondly, a thermodynamic model is developed to simulate the. The unit cell of nickel is a facecentered cube with the lattice parameter of. The characteristics of a ni laterite, including grade, tonnage and.

The main kinds oflaterite, limonitic and serpentinic ore, behave differently upon reduction. Limonite, saprolite, nickel, thermodynamics, reduction 1. It can be used in combination with factsage software to calculate the properties of metallurgical slags, glasses, ceramics, refractories, minerals, cements, etc. Pdf earth crust of nickel oxide ores is divided in three layers or zones depending on depth.

Study of nickeliferrous laterite reduction macsphere mcmaster. Thermodynamic database for multicomponent oxide systems. Inthis study, general knowledge of laterites and nickel production were introduced. Phases transformation of nickel lateritic ore during dehydration q. Nickel laterites cannot be easily treated since the nickel is finely disseminated throughout the ore. Australia, indonesia, south africa, russia and canada account for more than 50% of the global nickel resources. A key to understanding the geotechnical properties of leached nickel laterite ores ripios and plant residues is the fact that the fresh agglomerated ore undergoes a 15% to 25% loss of mass during leaching. Extractive metallurgy of nickel, cobalt and platinum group metals by frank crundwell, 9780080974781, available at book depository with free delivery worldwide. The evolution of the ferronickel particles during the. Factors affecting the upgrading of a nickeliferous limonitic laterite. Metallic nickel is primarily obtained from two ore types. Ni enrichment and stability of alfree garnierite solid. Pdf kinetics and thermodynamics of lead ii adsorption. The lowgrade nickel laterite ore used in this study was successfully upgraded through selective reduction by industrialized rotary kilns followed by magnetic separation.

Extractive metallurgy of nickel, cobalt and platinum group. Nickel was an important material for the production of austenitic stainless steel, heat resistant steel and nickel based superalloy 1 2. E smith brazilian nickel ltd, uk and alyssum ventures ltd, isle of man and o. The results indicated that both iron metallization extent and nickel metallization extent showed obvious linear correlation. The world nickel factbook 2018 international nickel study group 1 the international nickel study group insg, established in 1990, is an intergovernmental organization whose members are governments of countries having an interest in nickel production, usage and trade. In this paper, thermodynamic analysis on reduction of lateritic nickel ore by co2h2 mixed gas was performed based on activity theory.

Making ferronickel from laterite nickel ore by coalbased. Understanding ferronickel smelting from laterites through computational thermodynamics modelling article in mineral processing and extractive metallurgy imm transactions section c 1233. Although it is best known for its use in coinage, nickel ni has become much more important for its many industrial applications, which owe their importance to a unique combination of properties. Mechanism of sodium chloride in promoting reduction of high. However, in contrast to highgrade nickel sulphide ore, lowgrade nickel laterite ore cannot be as easily upgraded by current technologies due to its complicated mineral structure and nickel distribution.

In this work the thermodynamic behaviour of three colombian lateritic mineral samples are described, with contents of 1. Your browser doesnt seem to have a pdf viewer, please download the pdf to view this item. Low grade nickeliferous silicate laterite ore, minerals engineering, vol. According to the mineralogical research on the limonite laterite ore, the majority of ni is found in the goethite by substituting fe element. Physicochemical properties of nickel and cobalt sulphate. Sulfur is one of the most harmful elements in crude ferronickel obtained via the rkef process and adversely affects the mechanical properties of the final product. Chemical thermodynamics of nickel, nuclear energy agency data bank, organisation for econo mic cooperation and deve lopment, ed. Implementing heap leaching for the nickel laterite industry. Most values are those given in the nbs technical notes reference 1 after conversion from the units used within those notes. Study on the preparation of spinel ferrites with enhanced. The mechanical properties including repose angle and friction angle were measured by powder performance tester and direct shear apparatus. Separation and recovery of iron and nickel from lowgrade. Pickles, thermodynamic analysis of the selective reduction of a nickeliferous limonitic laterite ore by hydrogen, high temperature materials and processes, doi. The mineralogical phases of raw limonite laterite ore are shown in fig.

The geotechnical properties of lateritic soils and their suitability for road construction have been evaluated for selected sites in minna, northcentral nigeria. This model predicts the nickel grade, nickel recovery and feo content of the slag as functions of the iron recovery to ferronickel satisfactorily. Using the compositions of two of laterite samples received from inco ltd, a thermodynamic study was carried out using fact facility for the analysis of chemical thermodynamics, a thermodynamic software. The processing of lateritic nickel ore is quite difficult since the nickel bearing minerals are finely disseminated in the ore bodi knowledge of the mineralogy morphology and thermodynamic. Indonesia is the worlds second largest nickel producer 232 kt pa behind rusia. Producing nickel and cobalt metal by high pressure acid leaching hpal of nickel laterites is becoming one of australias largest mineral processing industries.

However, the background chemical information for this process, including the fundamental physicochemical properties of acidic metal sulphate leachate solutions, is not well known. The objective of this study is to investigate and explore the feasibility of using nickel lateritic ores of orissa, india for adsorption of pbii. Ni enrichment and stability of alfree garnierite solidsolutions. The effect of sulfur in rotary kiln fuels on nickel laterite.

The use of laterite ore as a major nickel source is gradually increasing because of the depletion of sulphide ores. Therefore, very expensive leaching and smelting processes are required to process nickel laterite ore. Modelling of nickel laterite smelting to ferronickel. While sulfide nickel ores are processed via upgrading to concentrates and then smelting, this approach is not applicable to laterite ores. Prereduction of laterite is a critical step for all laterite based nickel production processes. Thermodynamic analysis of the carbothermic reduction.

Cobaltstyles of deposits and the search for primary deposits. In addition, rational roasting temperature and prolonged grinding time could enhance the overall. Cobaltstyles of deposits and the search for primary deposits by murray w. The evolution of the ferronickel particles during the reduction of low grade saprolitic laterite nickel ore by coal in the temperature range of 900 1250. Although nickel laterites make up 70% of the worlds nickel reserves, few of them become producing mines. Large scale utilization is still an urgent problem for waste red mud with a high content of alkaline metal component in the future. For a long time, the nickel was mainly extracted from nickel sulfide ore 3 4.